2016年10月8日 星期六

10/3公圖心得

10/3

  • IFLA Public Library Service Guidelines - The mission and purposes of the public library
    公共圖書館服務綱領 - 公共圖書館的任務與目標
一、前言
公共圖書館地區的知識門戶,提供終身學習、使人能夠獨立決策個人與團體文化發展的條件。
The public library, the local gateway to knowledge, provides a basic condition for lifelong learning, independent decision-making and cultural development of the individual and social groups.
(IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto, 1994)

二、定義公共圖書館 Defining the public library
  1. 公共圖書館是一個全球性現象
    國家或地區不會沒有公共圖書館。有沒有是一回事,做到什麼程度又是另一回事,必須符合社區需要,雖然圖書館運作與所處的社會緊密相連,而提供不同種類的服務,事實上服務的內容一樣,只是程度有差別。
    Public libraries are a world-wide phenomenon.
    Libraries occur in a variety of societies, in differing cultures and at different stages of development. Although the varied contexts in which libraries operate inevitably result in differences in the services provided, and the way those services are delivered, libraries normally have characteristics in common.
  2. 公共圖書館由社區所支援、設立,不是獨立存在,而是與社區緊密相連,因此必須服務社區
    A public library is an organisation established, supported and funded by the community, either through local, regional or national government or through some other form of community organisation.
  3. 公共圖書館提供近用知識、資訊、終身學習;服務平等, 不因種族年齡性別信仰國籍語文社會地位而有差異
    It provides access to knowledge, information, lifelong learning, and works of the imagination through a range of resources and services and is equally available to all members of the community regardless of race, nationality, age, gender, religion, language, disability, economic and employment status and educational attainment.

    註:知識可分為顯性(被紀錄下來)、隱性
    知識即使沒有被口述講出來,也要記錄下來,知識被記錄後,才具備其存在的價值

    註:必須仔細分辨出來,放在生活中體會,觀察圖書館是否隨這些因素而有不同的服務方法,進而回歸到個人,避免與他們接觸,實際上就是一種歧視

三、公共圖館的目的 The purposes of the public library
(一)
  1. *最主要宗旨:提供資源(圖書)、服務透過提供各種形式的資源與服務來滿足個人和團體的教育、資訊、個人發展,包括娛樂和休閒等方面的需求。
    The primary purpose of the public library is to provide resources and Services in a variety of media to meet the needs of individuals and groups for education, information and personal development including recreation and leisure.

    註:知識記錄形式的演進
    圖書 →  視聽資料 (1970s後出現) → 其他形式
    註:圖書館服務的演進
    借還書→ 其他
    註:推廣服務
    某間鄉村公共圖書館曾舉辦烤肉活動 (經費由縣政府或教育部支付),列舉此活動與圖書館有關係性的項目之一:報名者=圖書館社區內的讀者+因著報名活動而知道有此圖書館存在的讀者
  2. 公共圖書館在民主社會的發展與維護方面,扮演重要角色:
    向個人提供近用廣泛多樣的知識、思想、見解,使之被適當告知 (well–informed),讓社會成為民主社會
  3. They have an important role in the development and maintenance of a democratic society by giving the individual access to a wide and varied range of knowledge, ideas and opinions.

    註:臺灣選舉時,人民沒有被適當告知,並非根據現況投票,而是根據過去意識形態
  4. 範例:
(1) 芬蘭公共圖書館議會所發布的目標與願景:滿足在地人的觀念;圖書館的目標:啟發、額外發現、培養能力
The Council for Public Libraries initiated a new vision statement for Finnish public libraries, “The Library is a meeting place of people and ideas. Library: Inspiring, Surprising, Empowering.”
 註:英語系國家的公共圖書館會有上級機關 ─── 圖書館議會 (臺灣稱此為圖書館委員會或圖書委員會);類似:市政府 → 市議會
(2) 澳洲昆士蘭公共圖書館制定綱領與標準,提出最好服務的策略與方法,以改進現在工作程序,達成公共圖書館目標
The Guidelines and Standards for Queensland Public Libraries were designed to improve current procedures and provide achievable goals for the public libraries in Queensland, Australia. The standards are seen as a guide towards achieving ‘best practice’ for those responsible for the management of public library services.

(二) 任務
  1.  教育 Education
    (1) 圖書館是一個教育機構,社會教育與正式教育必須兩者兼具,相輔相成
    Supporting both individual and self conducted education as well as formal education at all levels.’
    (Manifesto)

    註:終身學習
    在生命當中,只要活著,就要不斷學習新事物、改變自己的現況

    註:對於大型機構 (例如:政府),正式文憑 (學歷) 是有用的,但小型機構就完全是靠個人能力

    (2) 公共圖書館應教育「客戶」(customer) 近用資訊的能力,提供足夠的設備、載體 (記載各式各樣資訊的物件),並協助有效地使用學習資源,幫助其學習過程

    註:顧客永遠是對的,其所做所為都是對的,不是奧客,要自己回顧檢討

    (3) 公共圖書館應培養讀者的素養、使用工具的能力

    註:20世紀以前,社會上只有特殊的少數份子認識字

    (4) 在某些國家,公共圖書館被當作支援正式教育的一環

    (5) 範例:
    ① 新加坡公共圖書館的任務:提供可信的、可進用的、連結全球的,不以新加坡或鄰近地區為限的圖書資訊服務,來推動一個知識的、參與的社會
    In Singapore the stated mission for public library service is “to provide trusted, accessible, globally-connected, library and information service so as to promote a knowlegeable and engaged society.”
    ② 南非的生活條件不完備,與臺灣完全不同的生活模式,沒有電使人民能夠學習,因此南非公共圖書館的優先服務項目:提供基本生活設備。圖書館服務包括:電燈、桌子、椅子、沐浴設備、衣物 (不應歧視流浪漢)
    In South Africa, where many people have inadequate living space and no electricity to enable them to study, public libraries have prioritised provision of the basic facilities, artificial light, and tables and chairs.
    ③ 某些國家的圖書館同時是公共圖書館也是學校圖書館,共用併在一起,例如:英國美國的加利福尼亞州等等
    In some countries, libraries are required to fulfil multi-functions e.g., of both public and school libraries. In England, a smaller branch library is combined with a larger school library and located within a leisure facility. In the USA, college and public libraries are sometimes combined, such as the Central Library in San Jose, CA and Harris County Library in Tomball, TX.

    註:英國 (United Kingdom) 與 英格蘭 (England) 不同

    註:(community) college in the USA 美國社區大學,只唸到大一、大二

    ④ 委內瑞拉亞馬遜州幾乎沒有學校圖書館,由於大部分會來使用圖書館的讀者幾乎都是老師和學生,其他人的生活水準不夠高,因此鄉村圖書館專注於提供服務給老師與學生
    In Amazonas State, Venezuel a, where there are few school libraries, rural libraries concentrate on providing support for students and teachers.
    ⑤ 一些西班牙巴塞隆納圖書館遠距支援服務加泰羅尼亞開放大學,例如:電子書等
    In Barcelona province, Spain, some library services offer support to distance learning students from the Open University in Catalonia.
    ⑥ 澳洲昆士蘭圖書館探訪偏遠地區(例如:黃金海岸之外的島嶼;山區) 的小學
    In the State of Queensland, Australia, the Gold Coast City Council Mobile Library visits geographically isolated primary schools.
    ⑦ 挪威圖書館支援不同程度、不同年齡層的學生提供經過認定的網站、經過判斷的資訊 (類似教科書)
    Norwegian libraries established quality-controlled internet sites with indexed links to resources suitable for education on different age levels.
    ⑧ 美國紐約皇后圖書館和丹麥哥本哈根圖書館,在館舍內特別設計一個學習中心,提供教學的協助,包括教材、電腦
    Large urban libraries like the Queens Borough Public Library in New York, USA and the Copenhagen Public Library in Denmark offer customers specially designed learning centres in their buildings. These centres include staff that provides instructional assistance with educational materials and computers.

    註:紐約公共圖書館 (New York Public Library,簡稱NYPL)、布魯克林公共圖書館 (Brooklyn Public Library)、皇后圖書館 (Queens Library),組成美國紐約市的三大公共圖書館系統
    註:紐約公共圖書館提供24小時參考服務

    ⑨ 俄國圖書館與青少年讀者線上溝通,並將問題在24小時內轉介到適合的單位
    Russian Astrakhan Regional Children’s Library communicates with young readers online. Incoming questions are referred to appropriate departments with the goal of processing requests within 24 hours. Those residing far from the library can now receive necessary books or magazines.
    ⑩ 澳洲昆士蘭公共圖書館支援中小學家庭作業,讓學生組成讀書會
    In the State of Queensland, Australia, public libraries provide homework resources and support to upper primary and secondary school children through organised homework clubs in libraries. Electronic homework support is also available.
  2. 資訊 Information
    (1) 公共圖書館必須提供各式各樣的資訊
    The public library is the local centre of information making all kinds of knowledge and information readily available to its users.’
    (Manifesto)
    (2) 近用、理解資訊是人權
    It is a basic human right to be able to have access to and an understanding of information, and there is now more information available than ever before in the world’s history.
    (3) 範例:
    ① 南非的一些公共圖書館為資訊站和遠程服務中心提供場地
    Some public libraries in South Africa provide space for information kiosks and telecentres.
    ② 馬里共和國、莫三比克、坦桑尼亞、烏干達公共圖書館建立建立社區多功能遠程服務中心的資訊環境,提供現代資訊通信工具
    Rural multi-purpose community telecentres established in 5 African countries (Benin, Mali, Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda) provide access to modern information and communication tools.
    ③ 美國孟菲斯公共圖書館提供非傳統資訊,例如:家譜、小型會議中心、就業輔導中心;其他市立圖書館開放政府資訊
    The public library in Memphis, TN, USA, includes non-traditional information such as genealogy records, a small business centre, and job opportunities listings. Other city libraries in the USA, in Dallas, TX and San Francisco, CA, offer local, state and national government information.
    註:政府資訊公開
    一般大眾閱讀資料並不影響資料本身的完整性,也沒有意圖修改資料,發布資料時格式規格要固定
    ④ 澳洲黃金海岸圖書委員會舉辦科技博覽會,讓民眾學習各式各樣最新科技的工具
    Australia’s Gold Coast City Council regularly hosts a two day “Techno Expo” providing customers opportunities to explore and learn all about gadgets, tools and concepts which incorporate the latest technologies.
  3. 個人發展 Personal development (對我們每一個人有什麼好處,針對個人而非整體)
    (1) 提供個人創造力發展的機會
    ‘Providing opportunities for personal creative development.’
    (Manifesto)

    註:沒有個人哪有家,沒有家哪有國;由小的基礎往上疊加,不是由上級保障;從來不是由政府照顧人民,都是由人民去形成國家政府

    (2) 範例:
    馬里共和國農村語音圖書館,播放錄音資料,提供關於公共衛生、健康、畜牧、其他與日常生活相關的資訊,其服務深入到146個鄉村
    The Rural Audio Libraries of Mali distributed information on hygiene, health, animal husbandry and other topics relevant to people’s daily lives. These reached 146 villages, and collective listening sessions were organised.

    註:在落後國家,知識必須靠圖書館聚集人群在鄉公所門口,再播放傳遞資訊

    ② 南美洲玻利維亞公共圖書館舉辦各式各樣的活動,例如:健康推廣活動、營養課程(教你怎樣吃才營養)、母嬰與青少年社群
    In Bolivia, local libraries are venues for a variety of activities, such as health campaigns, classes in nutrition, mother and baby and youth clubs.
    美國克蘭德爾公共圖書館熱線回答健康問題Crandall Public Library in Glen Falls, NY, USA, provided a Health Information Centre complete with a telephone hotline available to answer the public’s health questions.
    ④ 倫敦圖書館幫助逃到歐洲的難民融入社會,教導如何算數 (小學教育)
    London libraries offer a range of books and other resources to help people improve literacy, numeracy and information technology skills.
  4. 兒童與青少年 Children and young people
    (1) 幫助兒童從小就建立並強化閱讀習慣
    Creating and strengthening reading habits in children from an early age.’
    (Manifesto)

    註:現在圖書館特別專注於兒童與青少年的服務
    以前做不好,想要從頭開始做,建立起做得好的習慣;改變自己比較快,改變社會環境很困難

    (2) 範例:
    ① 俄羅斯新烏拉爾斯克中央公共圖書館,以青少年為中心,發展圖書巡迴車(口號:我要找答案)
    The Central Public Library in Novouralsk, Russia developed a mobile information service focusing on youth entitled, “I am looking for an answer”, with the objective of providing immediate information online.

    註:管理者每隔一段時間更換書籍,無法根據讀者需求選書,讀者只能從現有的圖書挑選、借閱

    ② 鄂木斯克圖書館發起以青少年為目標的讀者計畫,透過讀者研究,辨識青少年的需求後,使其可線上觀看書
    “Chitatel.ru or (Reader.ru)” created by the Centralized System of Municipal Libraries, Omsk, Russia targets youth. The online menu offers options to find some ‘interesting books and quotes by renowned authors.’
  5. 文化發展 Cultural development
  6. 範例:
    委內瑞拉亞馬遜州圖書館員被訓練成為不同文化之間的仲介者,幫助那些只會說自己母語的鄉民與其他地區的民眾溝通
    Librarians working in Amazonas, Venezuela, were trained to act as intermediaries between different cultures as many people living in the rural communities may only speak and understand their native language.
    ② 紐瓦克公共圖書館與歷史委員會合作,提供「在地」歷史
    The Newark Public Library, NJ, USA, developed the Charles Cummings New Jersey Information Center focusing on local and state history in partnership with the New Jersey Historical Commission.
    註:口述歷史
    不僅僅是單純錄音,還要轉換為影像、文字等配套措施
    ③ 克羅埃西亞圖書館提供少數民族特別的圖書館服務,包含其母語的書籍相關展覽資訊素養培訓、館際互借等等
    The central libraries of the Republic of Croatia offer library service for all ethnic minorities including books in their mother language, relevant exhibitions, literary and other cultural events, and interlibrary lending to supplement local ethnic needs.

    註:臺灣原住民有其語言和文字 (傳教士所作的羅馬拼音),原住民地區的圖書館員應設法找到用其語言書寫的書籍或用中文書寫與之相關的書籍

    ④ 澳洲黃金海岸圖書館,每月舉辦多元文化的活動
    Australian Gold Coast City Council Libraries celebrate “Cultures on the Coast” with monthly programmes of multicultural interest that are organised and delivered by diverse groups ultimately raising cultural awareness within the community.
  7. 公共圖書館的社會角色 The social role of the public library
    (1) 把圖書館設計成當地客廳,讓民眾把它當成第三空間來使用
         (與朋友約會可約在圖書館自習,不用約在咖啡廳或校園)

    註:第一空間 → 家;第二公間 → 辦公室

  8. (2) 範例:
    ①  芬蘭 Entresse圖書館位於大型購物中心,是一個多元文化的圖書館,圖書館員與讀者都是多元文化的,以青少年、移民為主要對象
    Entresse Library, Finland is located in a shopping mall. It is a multicultural library with staff as heterogeneous as its customers. Targeted groups include teenagers and immigrants. Librarians walk through the facility with mobile phones and laptops to provide services to these sometimes difficult to reach populations.

    註:樹林圖書館臨近家樂福賣場,可惜動線不在入口,又沒有推廣來吸引讀者

    註:臺灣人對移民投射不良觀感,但移民只是一個現象。臺灣有記錄的大規模移民源於195?年,客家人佔據新竹、苗栗、桃園山區

    ② 芬蘭赫爾辛基圖書館分館 Library 10 提供館創新服務,例如:讀者可以進圖書館的錄音室舞蹈室彩排,不必去外面租場地
    Library 10 is a branch of the Helsinki, Finland, city library, located in the city centre providing innovative services to cus-tomers such as the Audio-editing and Rehearsal rooms, where customers can practice or record music. The Stage functions as a venue for cultural performances, discussions, and other exhibits.


    註:範例多侷限於於北歐、斯堪地那維亞半島的國家
    註:由於北歐國家屬於寒帶國家,從古時候開始,公共圖書館的發展比較好
    每年大約有半年的時間不出門,就只能被迫讀書或喝酒,因此政府會鼓勵並引導人民去讀書,才不會感到無聊,讓冬天為夏天做準備

註:確定任務才能達成預期的目標

四、適應變化的機構 An agency for change
  1. 公共圖書館是一個提供改變機會的地方,包括社會個人發展
    The public library is acting as an agency for social and personal development and can be a positive agency for change in the community.
  2. 圖書館必須提供足夠的資料、資訊以支援教育,讓社會大眾可以透過社會教育改變
    By providing a wide range of materials to support education and by making information accessible to all, the public library can bring economic and social benefits to individuals and to the community.

五、資訊自由 Freedom of information
  1. 資訊不得受限於任何形式的意識形態政治宗教檢查、商業壓力  (盡量避免、閃躲)
    Collections and services should not be subject to any form of ideological, political or religious censorship, nor commercial pressures.’
    (Manifesto)
  2. 範例:
    丹麥圖書館鼓勵民眾參與政治辯論,讓圖書館變成民主的溫室。圖書館與當地的記者、政治人物合作,並提供空間供民眾辯論,形成辯論文化。
    In Denmark, libraries encourage citizens to join in political debate and take an active part in democracy through the project,‘The library as democratic hothouse.’ In the city of Herning, the library cooperates with local journalists and politicians to create a debating culture which is active on both the Internet and via discussion within the physical space.

    註:辯論有一定的法則,並非吵架,不是比誰的聲音大誰就是對的,否則會失去辯論的本意
    選題→決定正方還是反方→兩邊按照一定規則發言 (發言順序、時間、內容,例如:不可進行人身攻擊)
    久而久之熟悉這套辯論法則、方法,因此不論什麼事都可以透過這套方法清楚地知道事實真相應該是如何。
    註:臺灣的辯論往往只有一個正方,沒有反方
    沒有一件事情是絕對的,一定有正反兩方,沒有預設答案,辯論結果取決辯論當事人所提供的辯論資料、其辯論能力,並非取決於辯論當事人是否兇悍

六、所有人皆可近用 Access for all  ("接近"使用:接近才能使用)
公共圖書館的服務不針對定群體,而排除其他。服務不因種族、年齡、性別、信仰、國籍、語文、社會地位而有差異。
A fundamental principle of the public library is that its services must be available to all and not directed to one group in the community to the exclusion of others. Provision should be made to ensure services are equally available to minority groups who for some reason are not able to use the mainstream services, for example, linguistic minorities, people with physical and sensory disabilities or those living in remote communities who are unable to reach library buildings.

註:對於少數民族 (minority),必須提供特別額外的服務,才能讓少數群體逐漸成長、融入社會
註:在臺灣的社會,要求不會講中文的越南人學習客家話或閩南語來溝通,而不是要求與之接觸者要學越南語,然而在這樣的情況下,少數民族永遠都會處於少數民族的弱勢中。反過來說,若雇用一個越南人來替我們服務,我們就要學習越南話,或是聘請一個會講越南話的員工,這樣少數民族才會融入我們的社會,社會才會接納少數民族

註:使用(use)是一回事,但無法接近則無從使用,若不知道它的存在,要如何去使用? 接近之後可選擇是否要去使用 (用或不用)

七、在地需求 Local needs
圖書館必須滿足「當下」讀者的需求,服務不是遠在天邊,就在你門口,不可以因為忙碌而無法服務已經來到窗口的讀者。 (你無法服務我,卻服務別人?)

註:濟時樓流通櫃台與參考服務雖然在同一層樓,但不應該隔一條走道,應該連在一起,如此一來就可以互相支援;參考服務可透過視訊螢幕在每一樓層實現
註:沒有什麼理由做不到,取決於你要不要去做,只要去做就都能夠做得到

八、在地文化 Local culture

註:文化沒有優劣之分,每一種文化都有其存在的價值


  • 笑話篇~ 輕鬆一下吧
R:等一下還會停電嗎?
B:應該不會。
R:真的!? 妳為什麼對輔大這麼有信心?
B:因為已經停過了。
R:妳會作弊嗎?不會,因為我上學期已經作弊過了。(哈哈哈) 妳的信心根據過去的經驗很快就會被打破的。

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